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Tuesday, January 21, 2014

Life in Christ: Law and Grace


PART THREE
LIFE IN CHRIST
SECTION ONE
MAN'S VOCATION LIFE IN THE SPIRIT
CHAPTER THREE
GOD'S SALVATION: LAW AND GRACE
1949 Called to beatitude but wounded by sin, man stands in need of salvation from God. Divine help
comes to him in Christ through the law that guides him and the grace that sustains him:
Work out your own salvation with fear and trembling; for God is at work in you, both to will and
to work for his good pleasure.1
1 Phil 2:12-13.
PART THREE
LIFE IN CHRIST
SECTION ONE
MAN'S VOCATION LIFE IN THE SPIRIT
CHAPTER THREE
GOD'S SALVATION: LAW AND GRACE
ARTICLE 1
THE MORAL LAW
1950 The moral law is the work of divine Wisdom. Its biblical meaning can be defined as fatherly
instruction, God's pedagogy. It prescribes for man the ways, the rules of conduct that lead to the
promised beatitude; it proscribes the ways of evil which turn him away from God and his love. It is at
once firm in its precepts and, in its promises, worthy of love.
1951 Law is a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good. The
moral law presupposes the rational order, established among creatures for their good and to serve
their final end, by the power, wisdom, and goodness of the Creator. All law finds its first and ultimate
truth in the eternal law. Law is declared and established by reason as a participation in the providence
of the living God, Creator and Redeemer of all. "Such an ordinance of reason is what one calls law."2
Alone among all animate beings, man can boast of having been counted worthy to receive a law
from God: as an animal endowed with reason, capable of understanding and discernment, he is
to govern his conduct by using his freedom and reason, in obedience to the One who has
entrusted everything to him.3
1952 There are different expressions of the moral law, all of them interrelated: eternal law - the
source, in God, of all law; natural law; revealed law, comprising the Old Law and the New Law, or Law
of the Gospel; finally, civil and ecclesiastical laws.
1953 The moral law finds its fullness and its unity in Christ. Jesus Christ is in person the way of
perfection. He is the end of the law, for only he teaches and bestows the justice of God: "For Christ is
the end of the law, that every one who has faith may be justified."4
I. THE NATURAL MORAL LAW
1954 Man participates in the wisdom and goodness of the Creator who gives him mastery over his acts
and the ability to govern himself with a view to the true and the good. The natural law expresses the
original moral sense which enables man to discern by reason the good and the evil, the truth and the
lie:
The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man, because it is human
reason ordaining him to do good and forbidding him to sin . . . But this command of human
reason would not have the force of law if it were not the voice and interpreter of a higher
reason to which our spirit and our freedom must be submitted.5
1955 The "divine and natural" law6 shows man the way to follow so as to practice the good and attain
his end. The natural law states the first and essential precepts which govern the moral life. It hinges
upon the desire for God and submission to him, who is the source and judge of all that is good, as well
as upon the sense that the other is one's equal. Its principal precepts are expressed in the Decalogue.
This law is called "natural," not in reference to the nature of irrational beings, but because reason
which decrees it properly belongs to human nature:
Where then are these rules written, if not in the book of that light we call the truth? In it is
written every just law; from it the law passes into the heart of the man who does justice, not
that it migrates into it, but that it places its imprint on it, like a seal on a ring that passes onto
wax, without leaving the ring.7 The natural law is nothing other than the light of understanding
placed in us by God; through it we know what we must do and what we must avoid. God has
given this light or law at the creation.8
1956 The natural law, present in the heart of each man and established by reason, is universal in its
precepts and its authority extends to all men. It expresses the dignity of the person and determines the
basis for his fundamental rights and duties:
For there is a true law: right reason. It is in conformity with nature, is diffused among all men,
and is immutable and eternal; its orders summon to duty; its prohibitions turn away from
offense . . . . To replace it with a contrary law is a sacrilege; failure to apply even one of its
provisions is forbidden; no one can abrogate it entirely.9
1957 Application of the natural law varies greatly; it can demand reflection that takes account of
various conditions of life according to places, times, and circumstances. Nevertheless, in the diversity
of cultures, the natural law remains as a rule that binds men among themselves and imposes on them,
beyond the inevitable differences, common principles.
1958 The natural law is immutable and permanent throughout the variations of history;10 it subsists
under the flux of ideas and customs and supports their progress. The rules that express it remain
substantially valid. Even when it is rejected in its very principles, it cannot be destroyed or removed
from the heart of man. It always rises again in the life of individuals and societies:
Theft is surely punished by your law, O Lord, and by the law that is written in the human heart,
the law that iniquity itself does not efface.11
1959 The natural law, the Creator's very good work, provides the solid foundation on which man can
build the structure of moral rules to guide his choices. It also provides the indispensable moral
foundation for building the human community. Finally, it provides the necessary basis for the civil law
with which it is connected, whether by a reflection that draws conclusions from its principles, or by
additions of a positive and juridical nature.
1960 The precepts of natural law are not perceived by everyone clearly and immediately. In the
present situation sinful man needs grace and revelation so moral and religious truths may be known
"by everyone with facility, with firm certainty and with no admixture of error."12 The natural law
provides revealed law and grace with a foundation prepared by God and in accordance with the work
of the Spirit.
II. THE OLD LAW
1961 God, our Creator and Redeemer, chose Israel for himself to be his people and revealed his Law to
them, thus preparing for the coming of Christ. The Law of Moses expresses many truths naturally
accessible to reason. These are stated and authenticated within the covenant of salvation.
1962 The Old Law is the first stage of revealed Law. Its moral prescriptions are summed up in the Ten
Commandments. The precepts of the Decalogue lay the foundations for the vocation of man fashioned
in the image of God; they prohibit what is contrary to the love of God and neighbor and prescribe what
is essential to it. The Decalogue is a light offered to the conscience of every man to make God's call and
ways known to him and to protect him against evil:
God wrote on the tables of the Law what men did not read in their hearts.13
1963 According to Christian tradition, the Law is holy, spiritual, and good,14 yet still imperfect. Like a
tutor15 it shows what must be done, but does not of itself give the strength, the grace of the Spirit, to
fulfill it. Because of sin, which it cannot remove, it remains a law of bondage. According to St. Paul, its
special function is to denounce and disclose sin, which constitutes a "law of concupiscence" in the
human heart.16 However, the Law remains the first stage on the way to the kingdom. It prepares and
disposes the chosen people and each Christian for conversion and faith in the Savior God. It provides a
teaching which endures for ever, like the Word of God.
1964 The Old Law is a preparation for the Gospel. "The Law is a pedagogy and a prophecy of things to
come."17 It prophesies and presages the work of liberation from sin which will be fulfilled in Christ: it
provides the New Testament with images, "types," and symbols for expressing the life according to the
Spirit. Finally, the Law is completed by the teaching of the sapiential books and the prophets which set
its course toward the New Covenant and the Kingdom of heaven.
There were . . . under the regimen of the Old Covenant, people who possessed the charity and
grace of the Holy Spirit and longed above all for the spiritual and eternal promises by which
they were associated with the New Law. Conversely, there exist carnal men under the New
Covenant still distanced from the perfection of the New Law: the fear of punishment and
certain temporal promises have been necessary, even under the New Covenant, to incite them
to virtuous works. In any case, even though the Old Law prescribed charity, it did not give the
Holy Spirit, through whom "God's charity has been poured into our hearts."18
III. THE NEW LAW OR THE LAW OF THE GOSPEL
1965 The New Law or the Law of the Gospel is the perfection here on earth of the divine law, natural
and revealed. It is the work of Christ and is expressed particularly in the Sermon on the Mount. It is
also the work of the Holy Spirit and through him it becomes the interior law of charity: "I will establish
a New Covenant with the house of Israel. . . . I will put my laws into their hands, and write them on
their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people."19
1966 The New Law is the grace of the Holy Spirit given to the faithful through faith in Christ. It works
through charity; it uses the Sermon on the Mount to teach us what must be done and makes use of the
sacraments to give us the grace to do it:
If anyone should meditate with devotion and perspicacity on the sermon our Lord gave on the
mount, as we read in the Gospel of Saint Matthew, he will doubtless find there . . . the perfect
way of the Christian life. . . . This sermon contains . . . all the precepts needed to shape one's
life.20
1967 The Law of the Gospel "fulfills," refines, surpasses, and leads the Old Law to its perfection.21 In
the Beatitudes, the New Law fulfills the divine promises by elevating and orienting them toward the
"kingdom of heaven." It is addressed to those open to accepting this new hope with faith - the poor,
the humble, the afflicted, the pure of heart, those persecuted on account of Christ and so marks out
the surprising ways of the Kingdom.
1968 The Law of the Gospel fulfills the commandments of the Law. The Lord's Sermon on the Mount,
far from abolishing or devaluing the moral prescriptions of the Old Law, releases their hidden potential
and has new demands arise from them: it reveals their entire divine and human truth. It does not add
new external precepts, but proceeds to reform the heart, the root of human acts, where man chooses
between the pure and the impure,22 where faith, hope, and charity are formed and with them the
other virtues. The Gospel thus brings the Law to its fullness through imitation of the perfection of the
heavenly Father, through forgiveness of enemies and prayer for persecutors, in emulation of the divine
generosity.23
1969 The New Law practices the acts of religion: almsgiving, prayer and fasting, directing them to the
"Father who sees in secret," in contrast with the desire to "be seen by men."24 Its prayer is the Our
Father.25
1970 The Law of the Gospel requires us to make the decisive choice between "the two ways" and to
put into practice the words of the Lord.26 It is summed up in the Golden Rule, "Whatever you wish that
men would do to you, do so to them; this is the law and the prophets."27
The entire Law of the Gospel is contained in the "new commandment" of Jesus, to love one another as
he has loved us.28
1971 To the Lord's Sermon on the Mount it is fitting to add the moral catechesis of the apostolic
teachings, such as Romans 12-15, 1 Corinthians 12-13, Colossians 3-4, Ephesians 4-5, etc. This doctrine
hands on the Lord's teaching with the authority of the apostles, particularly in the presentation of the
virtues that flow from faith in Christ and are animated by charity, the principal gift of the Holy Spirit.
"Let charity be genuine. . . . Love one another with brotherly affection. . . . Rejoice in your hope, be
patient in tribulation, be constant in prayer. Contribute to the needs of the saints, practice
hospitality."29 This catechesis also teaches us to deal with cases of conscience in the light of our
relationship to Christ and to the Church.30
1972 The New Law is called a law of love because it makes us act out of the love infused by the Holy
Spirit, rather than from fear; a law of grace, because it confers the strength of grace to act, by means
of faith and the sacraments; a law of freedom, because it sets us free from the ritual and juridical
observances of the Old Law, inclines us to act spontaneously by the prompting of charity and, finally,
lets us pass from the condition of a servant who "does not know what his master is doing" to that of a
friend of Christ - "For all that I have heard from my Father I have made known to you" - or even to the
status of son and heir.31
1973 Besides its precepts, the New Law also includes the evangelical counsels. The traditional
distinction between God's commandments and the evangelical counsels is drawn in relation to charity,
the perfection of Christian life. The precepts are intended to remove whatever is incompatible with
charity. The aim of the counsels is to remove whatever might hinder the development of charity, even
if it is not contrary to it.32
1974 The evangelical counsels manifest the living fullness of charity, which is never satisfied with not
giving more. They attest its vitality and call forth our spiritual readiness. The perfection of the New Law
consists essentially in the precepts of love of God and neighbor. The counsels point out the more direct
ways, the readier means, and are to be practiced in keeping with the vocation of each:
[God] does not want each person to keep all the counsels, but only those appropriate to the
diversity of persons, times, opportunities, and strengths, as charity requires; for it is charity, as
queen of all virtues, all commandments, all counsels, and, in short, of all laws and all Christian
actions that gives to all of them their rank, order, time, and value.33
IN BRIEF
1975 According to Scripture the Law is a fatherly instruction by God which prescribes for man the ways
that lead to the promised beatitude, and proscribes the ways of evil.
1976 "Law is an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of
the community" (St. Thomas Aquinas, STh I-II, 90, 4).
1977 Christ is the end of the law (cf. Rom 10:4); only he teaches and bestows the justice of God.
1978 The natural law is a participation in God's wisdom and goodness by man formed in the image of
his Creator. It expresses the dignity of the human person and forms the basis of his fundamental rights
and duties.
1979 The natural law is immutable, permanent throughout history. The rules that express it remain
substantially valid. It is a necessary foundation for the erection of moral rules and civil law.
1980 The Old Law is the first stage of revealed law. Its moral prescriptions are summed up in the Ten
Commandments.
1981 The Law of Moses contains many truths naturally accessible to reason. God has revealed them
because men did not read them in their hearts.
1982 The Old Law is a preparation for the Gospel.
1983 The New Law is the grace of the Holy Spirit received by faith in Christ, operating through charity.
It finds expression above all in the Lord's Sermon on the Mount and uses the sacraments to
communicate grace to us.
1984 The Law of the Gospel fulfills and surpasses the Old Law and brings it to perfection: its promises,
through the Beatitudes of the Kingdom of heaven; its commandments, by reforming the heart, the root
of human acts.
1985 The New Law is a law of love, a law of grace, a law of freedom.
1986 Besides its precepts the New Law includes the evangelical counsels. "The Church's holiness is
fostered in a special way by the manifold counsels which the Lord proposes to his disciples in the
Gospel" (LG 42 § 2).
2 Leo XIII, Libertas præstantissimum: AAS 20 (1887/88),597; cf. St. Thomas Aquinas, STh I-II,90,1.
3 Cf. Tertullian, Adv. Marc, 2,4:PL 2,288-289.
4 Rom 10:4.
5 Leo XIII, Libertas praestantissimum, 597.
6 GS 89 § 1.
7 St. Augustine, De Trin. 14,15,21:PL 42,1052.
8 St. Thomas Aquinas, Dec. præc. I.
9 Cicero, Rep. III,22,33.
10 Cf. GS 10.
11 St. Augustine, Conf. 2,4,9:PL 32,678.
12 Pius XII, Humani generis: DS 3876; cf. Dei Filius 2: DS 3005.
13 St. Augustine, En. in Ps. 57,1:PL 36,673.
14 Cf. Rom 7:12,14,16.
15 Cf. Gal 3:24.
16 Cf. Rom 7.
17 St. Irenaeus, Adv. haeres. 4,15,1:PG 7/1,1012.
18 St. Thomas Aquinas, STh I-II,107,1 ad 2; cf. Rom 5:5.
19 Heb 8:8, 10; cf. Jer 31:31-34.
20 St. Augustine, De serm. Dom. 1,1:PL 34,1229-1230.
21 Cf. Mt 5:17-19.
22 Cf. Mt 15:18-19.
23 Cf. Mt 5:44,48.
24 Cf. Mt 6:1-6; 16-18.
25 Cf. Mt 6:9-13; Lk 11:2-4.
26 Cf. Mt 7:13-14,21-27.
27 Mt 7:12; cf. Lk 6:31.
28 Cf. Jn 15:12; 13:34.
29 Rom 12:9-13.
30 Cf. Rom 14; 1 Cor 5-10.
31 Jn 15:15; cf. Jas 1:25; 2:12; Gal 4:1-7,21-31; Rom 8:15.
32 Cf. St. Thomas Aquinas, STh II-II,184,3.
33 St. Francis de Sales, Love of God 8,6.

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